“I have two hearts, one German and one Turkish.” Star footballer Mesut Özil, whose grandparents moved to Germany as gastarbeiter 50 years ago, offered this as explanation for posing in a photo with Turkish president Recep Erdoğan in May. The incident has exposed deep rifts in German society, culminating this week in Özil announcing his withdrawal from the national team. 

To many in Germany, Özil’s confession of dual loyalties will confirm their view that he has always lacked commitment to the national side. Before the recent World Cup, Lothar Matthäus, ex-captain of Germany, wrote “Özil does not feel comfortable in the Germany jersey . . . he is not free, almost as if he does not want to play at all. There is no heart, no joy, no passion.’’ A politician from the far-right AfD party was more specific, attributing Özil’s failings to his Muslim upbringing, where “he never learned much about Germanness”.

The Özil controversy raises general issues about citizenship. What should be required of the hearts and minds of new immigrants? In 1990 the conservative British politician Norman Tebbit framed a sporting criterion for whether new arrivals are sufficiently committed to their adopted country. According to the “Tebbit test”, Britons with an Indian background, say, aren’t properly loyal unless they support the English team when it plays cricket against India.