People have fought and died in its name, and new dangers supposedly pose a threat to it every day – but freedom itself is fraught with indelible contradictions. In this exclusive preview ahead of the publication of his new book Freedom: A Disease Without a Cure, firebrand philosopher Slavoj Žižek exposes the tensions in how we understand freedom today.

Freedom is one of those deceiving notions that appear self-evident, but the moment we try to dissect them we get caught in ambiguities and contradictions. I think the best illustration of these ambiguities is the situation imagined in the expression “Buridan’s ass.”

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All real decisions are undecidable, only the decision itself make reasons for it palpable.

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The three basic meanings of the term “ass” in English (donkey; a stupid person; the part of the body a person sits on) nicely come together in this expression: a stupid donkey who is equally hungry and thirsty is sitting on its ass midway between a stack of hay and a pail of water (or, in another version, midway between the two exactly same stacks of hay) - it dies of both hunger and thirst since it cannot make a decision which of the two to choose. (In digital electronics, something similar appears as “metastability”: when a circuit must decide between two states based on an input that is in itself undefined (neither zero nor one), it gets stuck, i.e., it spends more time than it should in this "undecided" state.) Far from being a pathological exception, the stance of the Buridan’s ass is in some sense the zero-level of freedom: if a clear calculation tells us what to do, we just follow the calculation of reasons, there is no doubt or oscillation and, consequently, no freedom. All real decisions are undecidable, only the decision itself make reasons for it palpable.